Todo Ali Gali

The punctuation, digits, and other characters of this writing system that lie outside its cursive letters are treated in Non-joining characters.

Written units

ID	Variants				Ligated Variants
	isol	init	medi	fina	init	medi	fina
A						
Aa							
B					 	 
B2				
Bh					 	 
C			
Ch				
Cp				
Cr2			
Dp				
Ds				
Dv			
E							
G					 	 
G2				
Hb			
Hp				
Hr				
I						
Ip							
Ir				
J				
K					 	 
K2					 	 
L						
Lv				
M						
M2				
N			
Ny			
O							
Ob							
Ph					 	 
Q			
R				
Rz			
S				
Sh				
Sx			
Tp				
U				
Wb				
Wn			
Wp				
Yp				
Zr2			
Zz				
Zz2				
Zz3			

Phonetic letters

Letter	FVS	Variants
		isol	init	medi	fina
1820 ᠠ a	-			 A
	1	 A		 A A	 Aa
	2		 A A		 A
	3	 A A
1844 ᡄ e	-	 A E	 A E	 E	 E
	1			 A E
1845 ᡅ i	-	 A Ip	 A Ip		 Ip
	1			 A Ip
	2			 Ip
1846 ᡆ o	-	 A Ob	 A Ob	 Ob	 Ob
	1			 A Ob
1849 ᡉ ue	-	 A U	 A O	 O
	1	 A O		 A O	 O
	2				 U
1843 ᡃ lvs	-	 → medi	 → medi	 Lv	 Lv
183A ᠺ kX	-	 → init	 K2	 K2	 → medi
183B ᠻ khX	-	 → init	 K	 K	 → medi
183E ᠾ hX	-	 → init	 A Hr	 Hr	 → medi
1889 ᢉ gX	-	 → init	 G	 G	 → medi
184E ᡎ g	-	 → init 2			 Hp
	1	 → init 1	 G	 Hp
	2		 Hb	 G
	3			 Hb
184A ᡊ ng	-	 → medi	 → medi	 A G	 A G2
188A ᢊ ngX	-	 → init	 N G	 N G	 → medi
1853 ᡓ j	-	 → init	 Cp	 Cp	 Cp
183C ᠼ chX	-	 → init	 C	 C	 → medi
185C ᡜ zr	-	 → init	 Zz	 Zz	 Zz
	1	 → init 1	 Zz2	 Zz2	 Zz2
185B ᡛ ny	-	 → init	 Ny	 Ny	 → medi
188C ᢌ trX	-	 → init	 Zr2	 Zr2	 → medi
188D ᢍ trhX	-	 → init	 Cr2	 Cr2	 → medi
188E ᢎ drX	-	 → init	 Ds	 Ds	 Ds
188F ᢏ nrX	-	 → init	 Wn	 Wn	 → medi
1890 ᢐ tX	-	 → init	 Dv	 Dv	 → medi
1850 ᡐ t	-	 → init	 Tp	 Tp	 Tp
1851 ᡑ d	-	 → init	 Dp	 Dp	 Dp
1828 ᠨ n	-	 → init	 N
	1			 N
	2			 A	 A
1892 ᢒ pX	-				 → medi 1
	1	 → init 1	 Bh	 Bh
184C ᡌ p	-				 → medi 1
	1	 → init 1	 Ph	 Ph
184B ᡋ b	-	 → init	 B	 B	 B2
184F ᡏ m	-	 → init	 M	 M	 M2
1855 ᡕ y	-	 → init	 I	 I	 → medi
18A7 ᢧ yX	-	 → medi	 → medi	 Yp	 Yp
	1				 Ir
1837 ᠷ r	-	 → init	 R	 R	 R
182F ᠯ l	-	 → init	 L	 L	 L
1856 ᡖ w	-	 → init	 Wb	 Wb	 Wb
18A6 ᢦ waX	-	 → fina	 → fina	 → fina	 Wp
1831 ᠱ sh	-	 → init 2			 Sh
	2		 Sh	 Sh
1894 ᢔ shX	-	 → init	 Sx	 Sx	 → medi
1830 ᠰ s	-	 → init	 S	 S	 S
1859 ᡙ hh	-	 → init	 A Hr	 A Hr	 A Hr
1854 ᡔ c	-	 → init	 J	 J	 J
1834 ᠴ z	-	 → init	 Ch	 Ch	 Ch
1899 ᢙ zhX	-	 → init	 Rz	 Rz	 → medi
1896 ᢖ zX	-	 → init	 Zz3	 Zz3	 → medi
1897 ᢗ qX	-	 → init	 Q	 Q	 → medi
1840 ᡀ lh	-	 → init	 L Hr	 L Hr	 → medi

Final Yp and Ir in letter yX. The written units Yp and Ir record entirely different phonemes and correspond to entirely different letters. The former comes from U+0FB1 TIBETAN SUBJOINED LETTER YA and borrows its glyph directly; the latter is in fact a mirrored Ip, just as U+0F80 TIBETAN VOWEL SIGN REVERSED I is the mirror of U+0F72 TIBETAN VOWEL SIGN I. Earlier Chinese national standards did not distinguish the two glyphs, which gave rise to misunderstanding; the revised standard distinguishes the two but still places them under the same character.

Shaping process

Letter classes

Class	Letters
masculine vowel	a, o
feminine vowel	e, ue
neuter vowel	i
vowel	a, e, i, o, ue, lvs
long vowel	a, e, i, o, ue
consonant	kX, khX, hX, gX, g, ng, ngX, j, chX, zr, ny, trX, trhX, drX, nrX, tX, t, d, n, pX, p, b, m, y, yX, r, l, w, waX, sh, shX, s, hh, c, z, zhX, zX, qX, lh
bowed written unit	K2, K, G, Bh, Ph, B

Mongolian-specific phase

Shaping step	Letters	Condition	Mapping type
2. Syllabic	g	if precedes a masculine vowel or a masculine long vowel:	masculine_onset
		else if precedes a feminine vowel or a neuter vowel or a feminine long vowel or a neuter long vowel:	feminine
		else if g follows a vowel or a long vowel:	masculine_devsger
5. Post-bowed	a, i, ue	if follows a bowed written unit:	post_bowed

Conditional mapping

Letter	Mapping type	Variants
		isol	init	medi	fina
1820 ᠠ a	default				
	post_bowed				
1844 ᡄ e	default				
1845 ᡅ i	default				
1846 ᡆ o	default				
1849 ᡉ ue	default				
	post_bowed				
1843 ᡃ lvs	default				
183A ᠺ kX	default				
183B ᠻ khX	default				
183E ᠾ hX	default				
1889 ᢉ gX	default				
184E ᡎ g	default				
	feminine			
	masculine_onset			
	masculine_devsger			
184A ᡊ ng	default				
188A ᢊ ngX	default				
1853 ᡓ j	default				
183C ᠼ chX	default				
185C ᡜ zr	default				
185B ᡛ ny	default				
188C ᢌ trX	default				
188D ᢍ trhX	default				
188E ᢎ drX	default				
188F ᢏ nrX	default				
1890 ᢐ tX	default				
1850 ᡐ t	default				
1851 ᡑ d	default				
1828 ᠨ n	default				
	devsger			
	onset			
1892 ᢒ pX	default				
184C ᡌ p	default				
184B ᡋ b	default				
184F ᡏ m	default				
1855 ᡕ y	default				
18A7 ᢧ yX	default				
1837 ᠷ r	default				
182F ᠯ l	default				
1856 ᡖ w	default				
18A6 ᢦ waX	default				
1831 ᠱ sh	default				
1894 ᢔ shX	default				
1830 ᠰ s	default				
1859 ᡙ hh	default				
1854 ᡔ c	default				
1834 ᠴ z	default				
1899 ᢙ zhX	default				
1896 ᢖ zX	default				
1897 ᢗ qX	default				
1840 ᡀ lh	default				

References

• Information technology — Todo nominal characters, presentation characters and use rules of controlling characters. China national standard, GB/T 36649—2018.

• Zheng Weizhe. (2016). Preliminary proposal to encode four letters in Todo and Manchu Ali Gali. L2/16-331.

• Kushim Jiang. (2021). Proposal to encode four Mongolian characters in UCS. L2/21-244.

• Yeerda. (2017). 伊犁河流域额鲁特人托忒文文献荟萃. Beijing: China Social Sciences Press.

• Хөхийн Бямбажав. (2019). Тод үсгийн сурах бичиг. Улаанбаатар: Соёмбо Принтинг.

• Dambipėljid, Ge Lijei. (2008). Mongġol Kitad qaricaġuluġsan todu u̇su̇g-u̇n Oyirad Mongġol teu̇ke-yin surbulji bicig-u̇d. U̇ru̇mci: Sinjiyang-un Arad-un Keblel-u̇n Qoriy-a.